“Researchers must be warned not to ‘balance’ ethics and medicine, for that would mean one can pursue even research that one knows is unethical—if the potential medical benefit is great enough. The researchers who conducted the Tuskegee syphilis experiment on African-American men, those who deliberately infected retarded children with the hepatitis virus at the Willowbrook home, those who approved the Cold War radiation experiments on unsuspecting American civilians, those who allowed children to be exposed to lead poisoning in the research condemned by the Maryland Court of Appeals—those researchers ‘balanced’ ethics and progress.” – Richard M. Doerflinger